女性超级英雄的演变历程漫长而丰富多彩,她们从最初的配角和恋爱对象,发展成为拥有完整形象、复杂而强大的独立英雄。自超级英雄题材诞生之初,女性角色就扮演着各种各样的角色,她们的形象也随着时间的推移发生了显著变化。最初,女性超级英雄常常被描绘成比男性同行更弱或能力更差。如今,女性超级英雄已成为该题材不可或缺的一部分,许多广受欢迎且家喻户晓的角色都以其力量、勇气和与男性同行匹敌的能力而闻名。这种演变不仅反映了社会对女性态度的转变,也体现了媒体对多元化和代表性的日益重视。
女超级英雄的演变
以往
二战前,英雄和保护者的角色被视为男性的责任。 然而,在战争期间,美国家庭主妇通过承担通常由男性从事的体力劳动来展示自己的能力。 这被证明是对盟军胜利的重要贡献。 在战争期间扮演如此重要角色的经历给女性留下了持久的影响,她们被提醒自己有能力成为英雄。
苏风暴

20世纪80年代,以女性超级英雄为主角的动画剧集选择有限。仅有的几个比较知名的例子是《神奇四侠》中的苏·斯托姆(Sue Storm),她可以隐身,以及希曼的妹妹希瑞(She-Ra)。要了解女性超级英雄的历史和发展,就必须追溯到20世纪40年代,当时大多数超级英雄都是男性。那正值二战时期,女性在战争中扮演着至关重要的角色,她们不仅支持男性作战,还在士兵离家期间承担了照料家庭的重任,因此,女性超级英雄的需求应运而生。
神奇女侠

The creation of Wonder Woman, who was able to perform tasks on par with men, was influenced by the “wonder” attitude of women during World War II. Princess Diana of Themyscira, an Amazonian princess raised by her mother and aunts on an island where men were not allowed, used her lasso of truth and an invisible jet to defeat villains. After the war ended and soldiers returned home, women’s roles shifted back to traditional responsibilities such as caring for 孩子 and managing the household. By the mid-1970s, Lois Lane and Vicki Vale gained prominence in the comic and entertainment industry, but were portrayed as sidekicks to Superman and Batman respectively.
目前
与过去相比,如今女性超级英雄的形象和受欢迎程度都显著提升。在超级英雄题材的早期,女性角色往往被描绘得比男性角色弱小或能力不足,并且经常被性化。然而,近年来,女性超级英雄的形象变得更加多元化和复杂,许多受欢迎的角色都以其力量、勇气和能力而闻名。
黑寡妇

Scarlett Johansson made her debut as Black Widow in the marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) in 2010’s Iron Man 2. Black Widow, the MCU’s first female superhero, has often been sexualized in the comics, with her tight catsuits and low-zipped necklines. In the film, Natasha Romanoff is introduced as a S.H.I.E.L.D. agent who infiltrates Stark Industries to monitor Iron Man. Stark is immediately smitten with her, and his secretary and love interest Pepper Potts warns him that she could potentially be a costly sexual harassment lawsuit. While Black Widow is depicted as a formidable character, the film also portrays her through the male gaze, including a scene where she changes into her catsuit in the back of a car while Happy Hogan ogles her in the rearview mirror. Victoria Alonso, a producer on Iron Man 2 and now the Executive Vice President of Production at Marvel, has admitted that the sexualization of Black Widow did not sit well with her, but she was unable to change it at the time.
加莫

In Guardians of the Galaxy, while director James Gunn did a good job of developing Gamora as a character, the movie still focused on Chris Pratt’s Star-Lord, making Gamora primarily a potential love interest. For the sequel, Gunn tried to improve his portrayal of women, and many praised the diverse array of female characters in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2. Karen Gillan, who plays Nebula, noted in an interview with IndieWire that the film’s women were not just “badass” and “super strong” but also well-rounded. Behind the scenes, marvel seemed to be becoming more aware of their issues with female superheroes, even as their TV shows, such as Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. and the Netflix series, made strides in their portrayal of women.
猩红色的女巫

2015年的《复仇者联盟2:奥创纪元》中,漫威漫画中另一位颇具性感魅力的角色——绯红女巫——正式登场。导演乔斯·韦登不得不事先提醒伊丽莎白·奥尔森关于绯红女巫的服装,说道:“当你回家上网搜索她的时候,请记住,你绝对不需要穿她在漫画里穿的那套衣服。”绯红女巫是一位独特的超级英雄,她的力量源于魔法,这标志着漫威宇宙中首次出现一位女性角色,其力量并非完全依赖于体能。
尽管漫威漫画努力摆脱对绯红女巫的性化刻画,但在电影中,这个角色仍然在某种程度上被性化了。饰演绯红女巫的伊丽莎白·奥尔森对她被迫穿着的低胸服装表示不满,并指出其他超级英雄的服装设计似乎随着时间推移越来越保守。奥尔森强调,超级英雄电影中的服装旨在塑造标志性形象,而不是代表普通女性。
漫威队长

《黑豹》和《惊奇队长》在漫威塑造女性角色方面具有开创性意义,以一种新颖且充满力量的方式展现了女性的魅力。漫威迅速将这些新晋女超级英雄推向聚光灯下,着重刻画了超越托尼·斯塔克的智慧超群的舒莉,以及惊奇队长作为漫威电影宇宙中最强大人物的地位。这些电影展现了漫威对未来的愿景,充分挖掘了女性超级英雄的潜力,融合了非洲未来主义和女权主义元素,并在很大程度上摆脱了男性凝视。在《黑豹》中,特查拉非常依赖生命中的女性,她们为他提供指导、技术支持和战斗协助。瓦坎达的非洲未来主义世界珍视男女平等,这一原则根植于前殖民时代非洲的真实历史。朵拉·米拉杰战士便是这一理念的典范,她们的原型是西非达荷美王国(今贝宁共和国)的达荷美亚马逊女战士。
结语
近年来,女性超级英雄形象的提升不仅体现在服装设计上,也体现在剧本和摄影方面的进步。例如,《旺达幻视》聚焦于一位女性如何应对创伤和悲痛,《黑寡妇》则探讨了女性争取自主权和独立性的主题。漫威电影宇宙中长期存在的男性凝视问题也显著减少,这在一定程度上得益于女性导演和制作团队成员的增加。
Marvel Studios 的成员维多利亚·阿隆索 (Victoria Alonso) 将《黑寡妇》的上映视为反思工作室在代表性方面取得了多大进展的机会。 在她看来,《黑寡妇》是现在才能够制作出来的,而不是十年前粉丝们刚开始要求拍一部独立电影的时候,因为气候已经发生了变化。 阿隆索解释说,在过去,她无法与导演讨论性别歧视问题,也无法在屏幕上看到这些对话。 她认为,漫威影业现在正在积极努力避免将女性物化,从而使漫威电影宇宙更加强大。
另请参阅: DC 漫画中最强大的 10 个女性角色





